ESAM 438

Problem Set 7

For Discussion Section November 15

1. Pitch-Fork bifurcation by Multiple Times

   Consider again

   
   

   d x dt = y, (1) d y dt = ax + by + a x3 - x2 y. (2)

   Use now multi-timing to analyze the steady bifurcation, which you analyzed in Problem 1.b.ii of the last problem set using center-manifold reduction. Do you get the same bifurcation equation?

2. Swift-Hohenberg Equation without Up-Down Symmetry

   Consider the modified Swift-Hohenberg equation

   
   

   ¶t y = my-(¶x2+1)2y+ay2 -y3,        -¥ < x < ¥,       (3)

   which does not possess the `up-down' symmetry y® -y. Derive the Ginzburg-Landau equation for (3) by expanding around the periodic solution with critical wavenumber q_c = 1 and allowing the amplitude to be a funciton of slow time and space. Show that one obtains a pitch-fork bifurcation despite the broken symmetry. Check that the spatial translation symmetry of (3), i.e. invariance under x ® Dx for any Dx, corresponds (implies) the symmetry of the Ginzburg-Landau equation under phase shifts A ® Ae^iDf. This illustrates that the origin of the pitch-fork bifurcation is the translation symmetry of the system.

3. Numerical Solution of Ginzburg-Landau Equation

   1. Modify the code provided on the class web site, which solves the SH-equation, to solve the Ginzburg-Landau equation

      
      

      ¶t A = (1+ic1) ¶x2 A+mA - (1-ic3)|A|2A, (4)

      where A is the complex amplitude of the pattern. The code uses backward Euler¹ for the spatial derivatives, whereas the terms without derivatives are updated with a forward Euler step. The backward Euler method provides unconditional stability with respect to the derivative terms. Thus, you want to modify the code to solve

      
      

      Ajn+1 = Ajn + (1+ic1) Dt Dx2 (Aj+1n+1-2Ajn+1+Aj-1n+1)+Dt (mAjn -(1+ic3)|Ajn|2Ajn). (5)

      Note that matlab actually deals with complex variables in a straightforward manner.
      Plot the real part of A, the imaginary part of A, and its absolute value.

   2. Use your code to study the Eckhaus stability limits obtained in class from the phase equation. Do that for the case c₁ = 0 = c₃, i.e. for steady patterns. Start with a periodic pattern in a sufficiently large system (at least 10 to 15 wavelengths) in the stable regime, decrease m somewat below the expected stability limit and add a noise to the solution. What is the final outcome of the simulation?
   3. Just for the fun of it run the code now for c₁ = 0 and c₃ = 1.4 with some random initial condition. In this regime the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation shows interesting behavior (cf. M. van Hecke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 1896, go to prl.aps.org to look at the paper on the web. More interesting regimes can be found in H. Chaté, Nonlinearity 7 (1994) 185 ( http://www.iop.org/Journals/no)).

Footnotes:

¹Setting a = 0.5 in the code turns it into a Crank-Nicholson scheme.